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CONLANG  August 2001, Week 2

CONLANG August 2001, Week 2

Subject:

USAGE: German noun plurals

From:

John Cowan <[log in to unmask]>

Reply-To:

Constructed Languages List <[log in to unmask]>

Date:

Fri, 10 Aug 2001 23:44:59 -0400

Content-Type:

text/plain

Parts/Attachments:

Parts/Attachments

text/plain (131 lines)

The following is rewritten from Pinker, _Words and Rules_,
ISBN 0-465-07269-0 (paperback), pp. 221-227:

German has 8 types of plurals:

zero            Daumen  Daumen          'thumb'
umlaut          Mutter  Muetter         'mother'
-e              Hund    Hunde           'dog'
-e with umlaut  Kuh     Kuehe           'cow'
-er             Kind    Kinder          'child'
-er with umlaut Wald    Waelder         'forest'
-en             Strasse Strassen        'street'
-s              Auto    Autos           'car'

Nobody has been able to find any rules for these: one attempt had ten
rules and 17 lists of exceptions.  Suffixed nouns do have systematic
plurals: -e, -schaft, -keit, -ung all take -en.  Arguably this is
because the suffix is functioning as a head here, with its specific
plural ending.

"Wiese and Wunderlich argue that 7 of the 8 classes are simply
irregular.  The reason that nouns with certain sounds get certain
plurals is not that rules have put them there, but rather that
irregular forms are stored in an associative memory, which makes
families of similar forms easier to remember and encourages people
to analogize the plural of one noun to a similar-sounding noun."

-s is the rarest plural (only Autos and Hobbys of 200 most common
nouns; only 4% of 25,000 nouns).  But it is regular: the
*Notpluralendung* (emergency plural ending).  "It serves as the
default, acting whenever memory retrieval comes up empty-handed."

Typical cases: borrowings (Cafes, Kiosks), proper nouns
(Thomas Manns, Fausts), quotations (drei "Mann"s), conversions
(Wenns und Abers 'ifs and buts'), acronyms (GmbHs, Sozis, Nazis).

The other plural types can appear in the left part of a compound:
Professor*en*kraenzchen, Frau*en*laden, Schwein*e*stall,
Gaens*e*braten, Buech*er*regal, Sozialist*en*treffen, like
English "teethmarks" and "mice-infested".  But Sozi*s*treffen
and Auto*s*berg are impossible, like "clawsmarks" and "rats-infested".

Experiment: ask for ratings of the 8 possible plural forms of
invented nouns, including those that sound like existing forms
(Pund) and those that don't (Fnoehk, Proeng, Plaupf).
Use them in various contexts.

Sample sentence, ordinary noun:

Ich habe einen gruenen Kach gegen meine Erkaeltung genommen.
Aber die weissen {Kach,Kaech,Kache,Kaeche,Kachen,Kacher,Kaecher,Kachs}
sind oft billiger und helfen auch besser.

(Trans: I have taken a green kach for my cold.  But the white kachs
are often cheaper and work better.)

Prediction: Choice should depend on similarities in sound.

Sample sentence, proper name:

Mein Freund Hans Kach und seine Frau Helga Kach sind ein bisschen komisch.
Die {Kach,Kaech,...Kachs} versuchen immer, ihre Schuhe anzuziehen, bevor
sie die Socken anhaben.

(Trans: My friend Hans K. and his wife Helga K. are a bit peculiar.
The Kachs always try to put on their shoes before they put on their socks.)

Prediction: Always use regular -s plural.

Sample sentence, Fremdwort:

Die franzoesische "Kach" sieht schwarz am besten aus.  Aber eigentlich
sehen {Kach,Kaech,...Kachs} in jeder Farbe gut aus.

(Trans: The French "kach" looks best in black.  But actually kachs
look good in any color.)

Prediction: Usually use regular -s plural, with some dilution when the
word resembles an existing German word.

All outcomes as predicted: for ordinary nouns, speakers made analogies
based on rhyme or other similarities, using -s if there were none;
proper names took -s; foreign words more often took -s than
ordinary ones, but strong analogies induced other plurals.

"So -s really is different from the other 7 plural forms.  The others
are irregular, and can be generalized only by analogy to roots.
The -s is regular, and is used as the default, in all the
'emergencies' in which memory and analogy fail: unassimilable
borrowings, names, acronyms, truncations, phrases, and quotations.
These emergencies may strike you as a motley collection of exotic
constructions, but that is exactly the point.  The heterogeneity
of the constructions, and people's ability to apply the regular
suffix to them the first time they are faced with the choice,
show that people do not have to be trained to associate the suffix
with each construction separately -- the constructions need only
be given the mental label 'noun'.  And the power of -s to serve
as a default even though it is rare among words shows that
regularity cannot depend [as the high frequency of English -s
would suggest] on a pattern begin stamped into a person's mind
through exposure to a large number of regular words.  Regularity
comes instead from the mind's ability to acquire symbolic rules,
operations that apply fully to any instance of a category."

From p. 229:

OE had 9 plural categories, including -as, the ancestor of todays
-s.  When final vowels became schwa in ME, all plural endings
died except -es and -en.  -s prevailed because it was
audible, worked after both vowels and consonants, and
was also used in the numerous French words imported at that
time.  ME speakers merged English -es and French -s to
create a universal regular suffix.

German -s arrived much later: not present in OHG or MHG.
Low German, Dutch, English, and French borrowings introduced
it in the 18th century.  By the 19th c., speakers generalized
it to all borrowings and indeclinables.  Prescriptive
grammarians called -s "strange" and "ignorant" and urged
people to avoid it, with the usual null results.

"The difference between the number of regular plurals in English
and in German is simply a difference in how long the -s has
been around in the two languages snatching up the new headless
or rootless nouns."

--
John Cowan                                   [log in to unmask]
One art/there is/no less/no more/All things/to do/with sparks/galore
        --Douglas Hofstadter

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September 2009, Week 5
September 2009, Week 4
September 2009, Week 3
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August 2009, Week 5
August 2009, Week 4
August 2009, Week 3
August 2009, Week 2
August 2009, Week 1
July 2009, Week 5
July 2009, Week 4
July 2009, Week 3
July 2009, Week 2
July 2009, Week 1
June 2009, Week 5
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June 2009, Week 3
June 2009, Week 2
June 2009, Week 1
May 2009, Week 5
May 2009, Week 4
May 2009, Week 3
May 2009, Week 2
May 2009, Week 1
April 2009, Week 5
April 2009, Week 4
April 2009, Week 3
April 2009, Week 2
April 2009, Week 1
March 2009, Week 5
March 2009, Week 4
March 2009, Week 3
March 2009, Week 2
March 2009, Week 1
February 2009, Week 4
February 2009, Week 3
February 2009, Week 2
February 2009, Week 1
January 2009, Week 5
January 2009, Week 4
January 2009, Week 3
January 2009, Week 2
January 2009, Week 1
December 2008, Week 5
December 2008, Week 4
December 2008, Week 3
December 2008, Week 2
December 2008, Week 1
November 2008, Week 5
November 2008, Week 4
November 2008, Week 3
November 2008, Week 2
November 2008, Week 1
October 2008, Week 5
October 2008, Week 4
October 2008, Week 3
October 2008, Week 2
October 2008, Week 1
September 2008, Week 5
September 2008, Week 4
September 2008, Week 3
September 2008, Week 2
September 2008, Week 1
August 2008, Week 5
August 2008, Week 4
August 2008, Week 3
August 2008, Week 2
August 2008, Week 1
July 2008, Week 5
July 2008, Week 4
July 2008, Week 3
July 2008, Week 2
July 2008, Week 1
June 2008, Week 5
June 2008, Week 4
June 2008, Week 3
June 2008, Week 2
June 2008, Week 1
May 2008, Week 5
May 2008, Week 4
May 2008, Week 3
May 2008, Week 2
May 2008, Week 1
April 2008, Week 5
April 2008, Week 4
April 2008, Week 3
April 2008, Week 2
April 2008, Week 1
March 2008, Week 5
March 2008, Week 4
March 2008, Week 3
March 2008, Week 2
March 2008, Week 1
February 2008, Week 5
February 2008, Week 4
February 2008, Week 3
February 2008, Week 2
February 2008, Week 1
January 2008, Week 5
January 2008, Week 4
January 2008, Week 3
January 2008, Week 2
January 2008, Week 1
December 2007, Week 5
December 2007, Week 4
December 2007, Week 3
December 2007, Week 2
December 2007, Week 1
November 2007, Week 5
November 2007, Week 4
November 2007, Week 3
November 2007, Week 2
November 2007, Week 1
October 2007, Week 5
October 2007, Week 4
October 2007, Week 3
October 2007, Week 2
October 2007, Week 1
September 2007, Week 5
September 2007, Week 4
September 2007, Week 3
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September 2007, Week 1
August 2007, Week 5
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August 2007, Week 3
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August 2007, Week 1
July 2007, Week 5
July 2007, Week 4
July 2007, Week 3
July 2007, Week 2
July 2007, Week 1
June 2007, Week 5
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June 2007, Week 3
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June 2007, Week 1
May 2007, Week 5
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May 2007, Week 3
May 2007, Week 2
May 2007, Week 1
April 2007, Week 5
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April 2007, Week 3
April 2007, Week 2
April 2007, Week 1
March 2007, Week 5
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March 2007, Week 3
March 2007, Week 2
March 2007, Week 1
February 2007, Week 4
February 2007, Week 3
February 2007, Week 2
February 2007, Week 1
January 2007, Week 5
January 2007, Week 4
January 2007, Week 3
January 2007, Week 2
January 2007, Week 1
December 2006, Week 5
December 2006, Week 4
December 2006, Week 3
December 2006, Week 2
December 2006, Week 1
November 2006, Week 5
November 2006, Week 4
November 2006, Week 3
November 2006, Week 2
November 2006, Week 1
October 2006, Week 5
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October 2006, Week 3
October 2006, Week 2
October 2006, Week 1
September 2006, Week 5
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September 2006, Week 1
August 2006, Week 5
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August 2006, Week 1
July 2006, Week 5
July 2006, Week 4
July 2006, Week 3
July 2006, Week 2
July 2006, Week 1
June 2006, Week 5
June 2006, Week 4
June 2006, Week 3
June 2006, Week 2
June 2006, Week 1
May 2006, Week 5
May 2006, Week 4
May 2006, Week 3
May 2006, Week 2
May 2006, Week 1
April 2006, Week 5
April 2006, Week 4
April 2006, Week 3
April 2006, Week 2
April 2006, Week 1
March 2006, Week 5
March 2006, Week 4
March 2006, Week 3
March 2006, Week 2
March 2006, Week 1
February 2006, Week 4
February 2006, Week 3
February 2006, Week 2
February 2006, Week 1
January 2006, Week 5
January 2006, Week 4
January 2006, Week 3
January 2006, Week 2
January 2006, Week 1
December 2005, Week 5
December 2005, Week 4
December 2005, Week 3
December 2005, Week 2
December 2005, Week 1
November 2005, Week 5
November 2005, Week 4
November 2005, Week 3
November 2005, Week 2
November 2005, Week 1
October 2005, Week 5
October 2005, Week 4
October 2005, Week 3
October 2005, Week 2
October 2005, Week 1
September 2005, Week 5
September 2005, Week 4
September 2005, Week 3
September 2005, Week 2
September 2005, Week 1
August 2005, Week 5
August 2005, Week 4
August 2005, Week 3
August 2005, Week 2
August 2005, Week 1
July 2005, Week 5
July 2005, Week 4
July 2005, Week 3
July 2005, Week 2
July 2005, Week 1
June 2005, Week 5
June 2005, Week 4
June 2005, Week 3
June 2005, Week 2
June 2005, Week 1
May 2005, Week 5
May 2005, Week 4
May 2005, Week 3
May 2005, Week 2
May 2005, Week 1
April 2005, Week 5
April 2005, Week 4
April 2005, Week 3
April 2005, Week 2
April 2005, Week 1
March 2005, Week 5
March 2005, Week 4
March 2005, Week 3
March 2005, Week 2
March 2005, Week 1
February 2005, Week 4
February 2005, Week 3
February 2005, Week 2
February 2005, Week 1
January 2005, Week 5
January 2005, Week 4
January 2005, Week 3
January 2005, Week 2
January 2005, Week 1
December 2004, Week 5
December 2004, Week 4
December 2004, Week 3
December 2004, Week 2
December 2004, Week 1
November 2004, Week 5
November 2004, Week 4
November 2004, Week 3
November 2004, Week 2
November 2004, Week 1
October 2004, Week 5
October 2004, Week 4
October 2004, Week 3
October 2004, Week 2
October 2004, Week 1
September 2004, Week 5
September 2004, Week 4
September 2004, Week 3
September 2004, Week 2
September 2004, Week 1
August 2004, Week 5
August 2004, Week 4
August 2004, Week 3
August 2004, Week 2
August 2004, Week 1
July 2004, Week 5
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July 2004, Week 3
July 2004, Week 2
July 2004, Week 1
June 2004, Week 5
June 2004, Week 4
June 2004, Week 3
June 2004, Week 2
June 2004, Week 1
May 2004, Week 5
May 2004, Week 4
May 2004, Week 3
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May 2004, Week 1
April 2004, Week 5
April 2004, Week 4
April 2004, Week 3
April 2004, Week 2
April 2004, Week 1
March 2004, Week 5
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March 2004, Week 3
March 2004, Week 2
March 2004, Week 1
February 2004, Week 5
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February 2004, Week 3
February 2004, Week 2
February 2004, Week 1
January 2004, Week 5
January 2004, Week 4
January 2004, Week 3
January 2004, Week 2
January 2004, Week 1
December 2003, Week 5
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December 2003, Week 3
December 2003, Week 2
December 2003, Week 1
November 2003, Week 5
November 2003, Week 4
November 2003, Week 3
November 2003, Week 2
November 2003, Week 1
October 2003, Week 5
October 2003, Week 4
October 2003, Week 3
October 2003, Week 2
October 2003, Week 1
September 2003, Week 5
September 2003, Week 4
September 2003, Week 3
September 2003, Week 2
September 2003, Week 1
August 2003, Week 5
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August 2003, Week 3
August 2003, Week 2
August 2003, Week 1
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July 2003, Week 3
July 2003, Week 2
July 2003, Week 1
June 2003, Week 5
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June 2003, Week 3
June 2003, Week 2
June 2003, Week 1
May 2003, Week 5
May 2003, Week 4
May 2003, Week 3
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May 2003, Week 1
April 2003, Week 5
April 2003, Week 4
April 2003, Week 3
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April 2003, Week 1
March 2003, Week 5
March 2003, Week 4
March 2003, Week 3
March 2003, Week 2
March 2003, Week 1
February 2003, Week 4
February 2003, Week 3
February 2003, Week 2
February 2003, Week 1
January 2003, Week 5
January 2003, Week 4
January 2003, Week 3
January 2003, Week 2
January 2003, Week 1
December 2002, Week 5
December 2002, Week 4
December 2002, Week 3
December 2002, Week 2
December 2002, Week 1
November 2002, Week 5
November 2002, Week 4
November 2002, Week 3
November 2002, Week 2
November 2002, Week 1
October 2002, Week 5
October 2002, Week 4
October 2002, Week 3
October 2002, Week 2
October 2002, Week 1
September 2002, Week 5
September 2002, Week 4
September 2002, Week 3
September 2002, Week 2
September 2002, Week 1
August 2002, Week 5
August 2002, Week 4
August 2002, Week 3
August 2002, Week 2
August 2002, Week 1
July 2002, Week 5
July 2002, Week 4
July 2002, Week 3
July 2002, Week 2
July 2002, Week 1
June 2002, Week 5
June 2002, Week 4
June 2002, Week 3
June 2002, Week 2
June 2002, Week 1
May 2002, Week 5
May 2002, Week 4
May 2002, Week 3
May 2002, Week 2
May 2002, Week 1
April 2002, Week 5
April 2002, Week 4
April 2002, Week 3
April 2002, Week 2
April 2002, Week 1
March 2002, Week 5
March 2002, Week 4
March 2002, Week 3
March 2002, Week 2
March 2002, Week 1
February 2002, Week 4
February 2002, Week 3
February 2002, Week 2
February 2002, Week 1
January 2002, Week 5
January 2002, Week 4
January 2002, Week 3
January 2002, Week 2
January 2002, Week 1
December 2001, Week 5
December 2001, Week 4
December 2001, Week 3
December 2001, Week 2
December 2001, Week 1
November 2001, Week 5
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November 2001, Week 1
October 2001, Week 5
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October 2001, Week 2
October 2001, Week 1
September 2001, Week 5
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May 2001, Week 1
April 2001, Week 5
April 2001, Week 4
April 2001, Week 3
April 2001, Week 2
April 2001, Week 1
March 2001, Week 5
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March 2001, Week 3
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March 2001, Week 1
February 2001, Week 4
February 2001, Week 3
February 2001, Week 2
February 2001, Week 1
January 2001, Week 5
January 2001, Week 4
January 2001, Week 3
January 2001, Week 2
January 2001, Week 1
December 2000, Week 5
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December 2000, Week 1
November 2000, Week 5
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October 2000, Week 5
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September 2000, Week 5
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April 2000, Week 1
March 2000, Week 5
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February 2000, Week 5
February 2000, Week 4
February 2000, Week 3
February 2000, Week 2
February 2000, Week 1
January 2000, Week 5
January 2000, Week 4
January 2000, Week 3
January 2000, Week 2
January 2000, Week 1
December 1999, Week 5
December 1999, Week 4
December 1999, Week 3
December 1999, Week 2
December 1999, Week 1
November 1999, Week 5
November 1999, Week 4
November 1999, Week 3
November 1999, Week 2
November 1999, Week 1
October 1999, Week 5
October 1999, Week 4
October 1999, Week 3
October 1999, Week 2
October 1999, Week 1
September 1999, Week 5
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September 1999, Week 1
August 1999, Week 5
August 1999, Week 4
August 1999, Week 3
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June 1999, Week 5
June 1999, Week 4
June 1999, Week 3
June 1999, Week 2
June 1999, Week 1
May 1999, Week 5
May 1999, Week 4
May 1999, Week 3
May 1999, Week 2
May 1999, Week 1
April 1999, Week 5
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April 1999, Week 2
April 1999, Week 1
March 1999, Week 5
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March 1999, Week 1
February 1999, Week 5
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February 1999, Week 1
January 1999, Week 5
January 1999, Week 4
January 1999, Week 3
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January 1999, Week 1
December 1998, Week 5
December 1998, Week 4
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October 1998, Week 1
September 1998, Week 5
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September 1998, Week 3

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