I should have mentioned that Talmey renamed his revision of Arulo.
The new name was Gloro, from gloto racionoza (rational language).
The one sample that I have of Gloro makes it seem a bit less like Ido,
but still unexceptional to me.
"Questa es nula konference por formacar alianci, por dividar la preduri di milito, por repartar landi, por traktar homa enti, velut se li esud la gaji in un ludo di hazardo. Nia skopo, sub fortunoza auspicii, es sikurigar la continuations dil prospero di paco."
"This is no conference to form alliances, to divide the spoils of war, to partition countries, to deal with human beings as if they were pawns in a game of chance. Our purpose, under happy auspices, is to assure the continuation of the blessing of peace."
It was featured in Time Magazine, Monday, Apr. 05, 1937;
Regards, Leo
-----Original Message-----
From: International Auxiliary Languages [mailto:[log in to unmask]] On Behalf Of Leo Moser
Sent: Friday, September 26, 2014 2:52 PM
To: [log in to unmask]
Subject: Max Talmey and Model Language - was RE: Worldlang and other auxlang types
Leo states: This below is from some of my old files.
I do not have the citation:
It may be the preface to an Arulo book or an article.
/////// This is by Max Talmey, born 1869 in Tauragė, then in Poland, now in Latvia. ///////
MODEL LANGUAGE AND ESSENTIALS OF ARULO
(Author's summary.—Model language as distinct from
the international or world language. Arulo as the
embodiment of the model language idea. Condensed
account of its structure and a sample of connected
writing.)
One of my earliest hobbies was languages. It came
about through the poverty of words in my mother
tongue, which was a mere dialect. The first real
language I learned in school. A new world then
seemed to open to me. A great many novel concepts
were encountered that hardly existed in my dialect.
It had no words to render them, while in the
language each of them could be expressed by one
word, in spite of their complexity. In studying a
second language, the experience obtained with the
first one and my dialect drew my attention
particularly to the comparative expressiveness of
the two languages. They revealed a similar
phenomenon: many conceptions could be expressed by
a single word in one language and only by a
circumlocution in the other.
Curiosity was now
aroused regarding the expressiveness of other
languages and furnished the incentive to study
several more of them. By the age of eighteen I had
acquired a working knowledge of six languages. All
presented the condition found in the first two: the
occasional necessity of a circumlocution on one
language where a single word sufficed in another,
that is, in every language there was want of
expressiveness in certain instances.
My preceding experiences engendered the idea of a
language never showing lack of expressiveness or
always possessing one word for every concept
expressible by a single word in any one of the
principal languages. This essential feature of the
imagined language, the ideal, will be better
understood by the following three sets of examples
of concepts to be expressed, or definitions, each
set taken from a different language.
A. 1. One pretending to a superiority which he does
not possess; 2. Loath to associate with others; 3.
State of uncertainty, doubt or temporary inaction.
B. 1. To suffer an unfortunate accident; 2. To
cease grieving about a misfortune; 3. Finite
straight line.
C. 1. Choicest part of a society, army, etc.; 2.
Formalities and usages required in polite society;
3. Intensified imagination and feeling attending
artistic production.
The definitions of A can be expressed by one word
only in English: snob, aloof, abeyance;
those of B
only in German: verunglücken, verschmerzen,
Strecke;
those of C only in French: élite, étiquette, verve.
An Englishman, a German, and a
Frenchman are at a loss how to express six of the
nine concepts without borrowing from two languages
foreign to them. Something similar holds true in
other examples that can be added. The ideal
language would never cause such embarrassment; it
would possess nine words for the nine concepts cited
and a word in every other similar instance.
Besides surpassing the natural languages in
expressiveness, the imagined language was conceived
as free from their illogicalities, irregularities,
ambiguities, and difficulties, in short, as
rational throughout. This ideal of a language with
the two features of highest expressiveness and
strict rationality arose in boyhood and has been
present in my mind ever since. It caused me to
acquaint myself in mature life with many more
languages that I knew in my youth so that I might
find natural words for concepts such as are given
in the illustrations above. The ideal, rather vague
until then, now assumed a more definite shape.
Recently I designated it by the term Model
Language, for want of a better expression to
indicate its two essential features and—its
purpose.
From the premise of highest expressiveness it
follows that the Model Language should be fully
adequate for communicating all ordinary ideas that
occur in everyday life. Its true purpose, however,
is not this but chiefly to serve as a medium of
expression for the interchange of ideas of moment
between persons of different mother tongues, as for
instance when Prof. Einstein lectures on his theory
before non-German audiences, or when the League of
Nations holds its conferences, or when a French
commercial firm deals with a Turkish one.
None of the natural languages can be the Model
Language, because its two essential features cannot
be imparted to any one of them. The Model Language
can only be a constructed system, though its
elements must be as natural as possible. With the
International or World Language it shares this
feature of being a devised medium, but differs
radically from the World Language in other
respects. The International Language in the
commonly accepted sense is "the second language to
everybody" and intended to serve mainly for the
expression of everyday thoughts. On account of this
it discountenances a high degree of expressiveness,
restricting its vocabulary to a minimum, and shows
but little concern for strict rationality. The most
important difference between the Model Language and
the International Language is that there is an ever
growing need for the former, as shown by the
examples given above—the Einstein lectures,
etc.,—while the latter, all enthusiasts to the
contrary notwithstanding, is all but useless. The
International or World Language is advocated
principally for the man in the street, and he has
but very seldom any dealings with his equal of a
different nation.
The idea of an International Language is already
stale. Numerous devices have been proposed for it
and turned out to be wanting, unfit. Several of
them once gained a great deal of short-lived
notoriety, but owing to the lack of any really
vital need for the International Language, they
finally failed. This fiasco has completely
discredited that idea.
The Model Language idea,
however, is novel. No author has ever offered a
linguistic project intended to be made richer in
conceptions expressible by one word that any
natural language and to serve chiefly for the
communication of valuable thoughts. This idea was
set forth only recently, in the Scientific Monthly
of April 1929. It bids fair to be lastingly
successful because there exists an ever growing
need for the Model Language.
Because of the feature which all projects for the
International Language have in common with the
Model Language, I devoted a great deal of time and
effort to some of them. As a boy I learned Volapük.
It only brought disappointment and was given up
after half a year. In mature age, I studied
Esperanto, wrote various articles in and on it, and
published a complete English text book of the
project. After two years, however, I abandoned it,
having convinced myself of its unfitness even for
the rôle of the International Language.
At that
time there appeared the Language of the Delegation,
commonly known by the absurd name Ido, which will
be replaced here by the initials LD. It was framed
by a body of competent linguists and scientists
under the leadership of the excellent French
logician Dr. Louis Couturat. It was far superior to
any previous project. In contrast to Esperanto, it
had no religious dogma of inviolability, but was
made subject to criticism and continued
improvement. It was free from the visionary
aspirations of Volapük and Esperanto. For these
reasons, I devoted myself intensively to the study
of it for fifteen years. Finally, however, I was
actuated to withdraw from it because of its
deterioration, which began at the outbreak of the
war and then continued unchecked without any
prospect of regeneration. Several causes
contributed to this. In the spring of 1914 an
ill-advised period of stability of ten years was
decreed, precluding any changes and even criticism
and thus producing stagnation and retrogression.
In the fall of that year, the most able leader in the
LD movement, Dr. Couturat, died, his excellent
periodical Progreso ceased, and the competent
Academy for the LD disappeared. New leaders of
ability did not come upon the scene. In 1921 the
Academy was reorganized, but it lacked the
competency of its predecessor and showed itself
reactionary by prolonging the corrupting period of
stability to fourteen years and by sanctioning
officially "firmly rooted" wrong usages of the
language grown up since 1914.
I had cooperated in the development of the LD, had
published an exhaustive English text-book of it and
various other works in and on it, and had been an
extensive contributor to Progreso and Mondo, the
subsequent official organ of the LD. When I had
convinced myself of the reactionary tendency of the
new Academy, I decided to undertake all by myself
the reform of the language. The unstinted approval
accorded to my criticism and proposals by a handful
of progressive LD-ists, notably Dr. L.B. Woodcock
of Scranton, Pa., Mr. Wilhelm Schwarz of Lauenburg,
Germany, and the most revered member of the old
Academy and of the new one, Dr. Ignatz Hermann of
Graz, Austria, encouraged me to go ahead.
The grammatical structure was considerably modified,
definite principles for the selection of the root
words and for the derivation of others from them
were set up, and about two thousand new root words
were introduced. The result of these labors was a
language that was no longer the LD, though it had
started from the latter as a basis. The word
"Arulo," formed from the initial letters of the
expression "Auxiliary Rational Universal Language"
was selected as a name for the new language. Its
complete structure is laid down in several
publications.* In this brief essay only its
essentials can be presented.
Alphabet and Pronunciation. The alphabet is the
English one. The five vowels a, e, i, o, u have the
continental pronunciation. The consonant c is
pronounced like ts even before a, o, u; g as in go;
j like the French j. S is always sharp or voiceless
and y is always consonant with the pronunciation of
the English y in yes or the German j. Z and the
digraphs ch and sh are pronounced as in English.
Grammar. The whole elementary grammar is contained
in this one rule: the main parts of speech are
characterized by eighteen desinences called
grammatical endings. Their forms are as follows:
The endings 1, -o; 2, -a; 3, -e; 4, -i; 5, -u; 6,
-n; 7, -f (or -of); 8, -ar; 9, -ir; 10, -or; 11,
-as; 12, -is (or -id); 13, -os (or -od); 14, -us
(or -ud); 15, -am; 16, -es; 17, -al; 18, -il denote
respectively 1, a noun; 2, an adjective; 3, adverb;
4, a plural; 5, person; 6, the objective case; 7,
possessive case; 8, the infinitive of the present;
9, of the past; 10, of the future; 11, the
indicative of the present; 12, of the past; 13, of
the future; 14, the conditional; 15, the optative;
16, the imperative of the second person; 17, the
suppositional mode (subjunctive) of the present;
18, of the past.
There are two articles, a definite one and
indefinite one: la, the; un, a.
The comparative and superlative are formed either
synthetically by the suffixes -iora and -esta or
analytically by the adverbs plu, more, and maxim,
most; facila, faciliora (plu facila), facilesta
(maxim facila), easy, easier, easiest.
The personal pronouns and possessives are as
follows: me, I; mea, my, mine; tu, thou, you; tua,
thy thine, your, yours; vu, you (singular, polite);
vua, your, yours; il, he; lua, ilua, his; el, she;
lua, elua, her, hers; ol, it (thing); olua, its;
lu, he, she (individual or unknown sex); lua, his,
her, hers; lo, it (fact); it, it (subject of
impersonal verb); on (or onu), one (indefinite
person); onua, one's; su, himself, herself, etc.;
sua, his, her, etc.; ni, we; vi, you (plural); via,
your, yours; li (or ili, eli, oli), they; lia (or
ilia, elia, olia), their, theirs.
The demonstratives and relatives (interrogatives)
are: questa (-u, -o), this; yena, that; qua, who,
which.
The active participles as adjectives have the
endings -anta, -inta, -onta in the present, past,
and future respectively. The corresponding passive
participles end in -ata, -ita, -ota. The passive is
formed either enalytically with the passive
participle of the present and the auxiliary
"verdar" or synthetically with the suffix -verd or
-erd attached to the root of the verb: il verdis
blamata (blamverdis), he was blamed. The perfect
tenses are formed with the suffix -ab; el sendabos,
she will have sent.
The numerals are: un, 1; du, 2; tri, 3; quar, 4;
quink, 5; six, 6; sept, 7; okt, 8; non, 9; dek, 10;
cent, 100; mil, 1000; milion, million. The
multiples of ten, hundred, etc., are formed by
prefixing the multiplicator in adjectival form:
oktacent, 800. The numbers between the preceding
ones are constructed by addition: triacent e
sixadek e quink, 365.
Sources of the vocabulary. The roots of complete
words must be a posteriori, i.e. taken from the
natural languages. Proper phoneticism sometimes
requires slight changes of form. Thus c must be
replaced by k before consonants and a, o, u; ph by
f; voiced s by z; y as vowel by i; and double
letters must be excluded; konstruktar, fazo,
simfonio, mola (Lat. mollis). The number of
international words being far too insufficient,
extensive use is made of national words, English
being the foremost source of the latter. Latin and
Greek are extensively resorted to. Latin and Greek
words and phrases in original spelling and
inflection may be used unrestrictedly; and
scientific terms, too, need not undergo any change
of form: exempli causa, id est, phyllopoda, sit
venia verbo, appendicitis, atropa belladonna,
etc. **
Derivation. The formation of new words from given
ones is regulated completely by the "principle of
the additional idea": Every additional idea (idea
not contained in the original) in the meaning of a
derivative requires an additional formal element in
the latter. Accordingly, derivation without adding
a new idea is to be accomplished immediately, i.e.
merely by the grammatical endings, which have no
meanings by themselves: stono, stone; stona, stony
(which is stone). This derived adjective contains
no additional idea. Derivation with the addition of
a new idea, however, must be mediate, i.e.
performed by affixes which have meanings by
themselves: ston-ala, -atra, -oza, relating to, of
the nature of, containing stone.
The noun obtained immediately from an adjective has
been designated as the Aristotelian substantive. It
contains no additional idea; utila, useful; la
utilo, the useful (anything). Arist. substs. are
obtainable from all kinds of adjectives, as has
been shown in an extensive special essay on it
(Filologiala Temi, No. II); natanto, anything
swimming. The Arist. subst. of adjectives referring
to a nation denotes its language: Anglo, English;
Alemando, Geman; Italo, Italian.
The noun formed immediately from a verb signifies
"act expressed by the verb," a meaning that
contains no additional idea: solvar, to solve;
solvo, solution (act of solving). Other derived
verbal nouns require affixes: solv-uro, solution
(result of solving); solv-ateso, solution (state of
being solved). The three verbal nouns just treated
may be replaced by the Latin verbal
substantive—usually in its Spanish form—:
soluciono, solution (all senses); direkciono,
eliziono, etc.
Primary verbs of Latin origin are formed mostly
from the supine, sometimes from the infinitive, and
rarely from the Latin verbal substantive:
konceptar, to conceive (form an idea); koncipar, to
conceive (begin to develop an embryo); mocionar, to
make a motion.
Verbs can be derived from non-verbal roots only
mediately, because the derivative invariably
contains an additional idea; armo, arm-izar, to arm
(provide with arms); frukto, frukt-ifar, to produce
fruit; pura, pur-igar, to render pure.
Precisely defined formatives are needed for mediate
derivation. They may be a priori. About sixty such
affixes are employed in Arulo. A few of those
peculiar to it are cited here. Ent- = to deprive
of; entfoliar, to defoliate; er- = to obtain
through; erflatar, to wheedle out; -azar = to
practice the art, profession of, behave like;
puerazar, to act like a boy; -ear = to commit,
occupy oneself with; pekear, to sin: muzikear, to
practice music; -ezo = abstract quality; belezo,
beauty; parentezo, parenthood; etc.
Composition. The form and meaning of words built by
combining two or more words into one constitute a
subject too complicated to be treated in a short
article. This subject has been fully discussed in
an extensive essay (Filol. Temi) presenting points
of great importance for a logical language. Only
one of them can be touched upon here. The form and
meaning of all kinds of composites are determined
by several principles, the paramount one being the
principle of the additional idea. Accordingly, the
meaning of a compound cannot contain an idea not
contained in its components. For instance,
"interakto" can only signify "act between" (between
any two events determined by the context), but
cannot mean "pause," because the idea "pause" is
not contained in the components "inter" and "akto."
The further development of Arulo should go on
uninterruptedly without dogmas of inviolability,
without periods of stability. Until now the
language has advanced so far that it is more
efficient than any linguistic system ever devised
and is even more expressive in a good many
instances that the natural languages. The main task
still to be performed is to further purge Arulo of
the arbitrary forms abounding in its basis, the LD,
and to bring it nearer the aim of the Model
Language outlined above, that is to say, a
vocabulary so rich as to afford one word for every
concept expressible by a single word in the natural
languages. Suggestions for approaching that aim are
given in a large work, not yet published, that
treats all aspects of the Model Language into which
it is proposed that Arulo should be developed.
In conclusion, the translation into Arulo of
Goethe's "Die Ceder" together with the original,
and also an original Arulo poem by Dr. Hermann are
given to show what Arulo looks like, and to prove
that it can be made fit even for fine literature.
NASKO DI LA LAKRIMO BIRTH OF THE TEAR
La okulo di la homo The eye of man
Olim venis al cielo. Once came to heaven.
Prosternante devan Deo Prostrating itself before
God
Olu pregis la Sinioro: It prayed the Lord:
"Donez a me adornivo, "Give me an adornment
Por ke olu me distangam That may distinguish me
In la facio di la homo." In the face of man."
La Kreintu astonerdis The Creator was
astonished
Pri la prego dil okulo At the prayer of the eye
Suficante distingata Sufficiently
distinguished
Mem sem adorniv aparta Even without a separate
adornment,
Kom katoptro di la almo. As the mirror of the
soul.
Lu gracoze interogas: He graciously asks:
"Num deziras tu juveli? "Do you wish jewels?
Forsan perli, diamanti?" Perhaps pearls,
diamonds?"
La okulo dicis lore: The eye said then:
"Nule me deziras perli, "Nowise do I wish pearls,
Nule anke diamanti, Nowise also diamonds,
Quin ya furtus mala homi. Which bad men would
certainly steal.
Donez a me adornivo Give me an adornment
Nefurtebla, neperdebla." That cannot be stolen,
cannot be lost."
Ridetante dicis Deo: Smiling said God:
"Retreandez tu al tero, "Go back to the earth,
Sur la voyo tu recevos On the way you will
receive
L'adornivo dezirata." The desired adornment."
Descendante frol cielo Descending from heaven
La okulo vidis nubo The eye saw a cloud
Formacita dal fumuro Formed by the smoke
Di brulanta granda urbi Of burning great cities
E vilaji e foresti. And villages and forests.
Tra lakuni di la nubo Through gaps in the cloud
La okulo vidis agri The eye saw fields
Devastita e sur oli Devastated and on them
Dil milito la viktimi The war's victims
Mutilita, okcidita. Mutilated, slaughtered.
Lore sentis la okulo Then the eye felt
In su ulo opresanta In itself something
oppressing
E salianta ad extere. And springing outward.
En! Aparis in l'angulo Lo! There appeared in the
corner
Di ol ronda granda guto Of it a round big drop
Velut perlo klara, velut Like a pearl clear, like
Diamanto reyonanta— A diamond radiant—
Lore naskis la lakrimo. Then was born the tear.
LA CEDRO DIE ZEDER
DA GOETHE VON GOETHE
Un cedro kreskis inter Eine Zeder wuchs auf
abieti; li partajis kun zwischen Tannen; sie
lu pluvo e sunlumo. E lu teilten mit ihr Regen und
kreskid e kreskid super Sonnenschein. Und sie
lai kapi e spektis wuchs und wuch über ihre
lontane la valo cirkume. Häupter und schaute weit
Tum klamis la abieti: "Es ins Tal umher. Da riefen
questo la danko, ke tu die Tannen: "Ist das der
prezumptas, tu, qua so Dank, dass du dich
mikra esid, tu, quan ni überhebst, dich, die du
nutris?" E la cedro so klein warst, dich, die
parlis: "Disputez kun wir genährt haben?" Und
yenu, qua a me kreskar die Zeder sprach:
imperis!" "Rechtet mit dem, der
mich wachsen hiess!"
E cirkum la cedro stacid Und um die Zeder standen
dornarbusti: Questi Dornsträucher. Die
iraskeskid, ke lu so ergrimmten, dass sie so
splendida stacid in sua herrlich dastand in ihrer
krafto devan la facio dil Kraft vor dem Antlitz des
cielo, e klamis: "Ve por Himmels, und riefen:
la fieru, lu prezumptas "Wehe dem Stolzen, er
pro sua kreskuro!" E überhebt sich seines
quande la venti la krafto Wuchses!" Und wie die
di lua branchi agitis, e Winde die Macht ihrer
balzamfragranco la lando Aeste bewegten, und
penetris, turnid su la Balsamgeruch das Land
dorni e kriis: "Ve por la erfüllte, wandten sich
superbu! Lua fierezo die Dörner und schrieen:
eferveskas velut ondi dil "Wehe dem Uebermütigen!
maro! Destruktez lu, Sein Stolz braust auf wie
Santu dil cielo!" Wellen des Meeres!
Verdirb ihn, Heiliger vom
Himmel!"
Quande tum la viri venis Da nun die Männer kamen
frol maro e la axinon an vom Meere und die Axt ihr
lua radiko pozid, lore an die Wurzel legten, da
levid su un exulto: "Ite erhob sich ein
punisas la Sinioro la Frohlocken: "Also strafet
fieri, ite humilias lu la der Herr die Stolzen,
potenti!" also demütigt er die
Gewaltigen!"
E lu tumblis e frakasid Und sie stürzte und
l'exultanti, qui verdis zerschmetterte die
dispersata sub la Frohlocker, die
branchetajo. verzettelt wurden unter
dem Reisig.
E lu tumblis e klamis: Und sie stürzte und rief:
"Me stacadis, e me "Ich habe gestanden, und
stacados!" E la viri ich werde stehen!" Und
erektis lu kom masto in die Männer richteten sie
la navo dil rego, e la auf zum Maste im Schiffe
segeli fluktuadis fro ol des Königs, und die Segel
e bringadis la trezori wehten von ihm her und
fro Ophir in la regof brachten die Schätze aus
gazo. Ophir in des Königs
Kammer.
...............
266 West 113th St.
New York City MAX TALMEY
----------------------------------------------------
* Supplemento al Raporto 28: Arulo Text Book of the
Universal Language: Lexikologio di Arulo.
** Fault has been found with Arulo for being
"specifically a technico-scientific language." This
is unjustified. Arulo does not even favor the
creation of forms of its own for
technico-scientific terms, but advocates using
these in their original form without any
alteration, for instance, 'pharyngitis,
chlorophyllon, chrysanthemon, etc.' instead of
'faringito, klorofilo, krizantemo, etc.' (See
Lexikologio, p. 52.)
Neither is Arulo exclusively a "Gebildetensprache"
(a language for the educated only), as it has been
called by a German scholar. For it strives to
attain the greatest possible expressiveness. Hence
it must be fully adequate for expressing also all
ideas of the uneducated.
///////////////////
Regards, LEO
-----Original Message-----
From: International Auxiliary Languages [mailto:[log in to unmask]] On Behalf Of Paul Bartlett
Sent: Friday, September 26, 2014 10:14 AM
To: [log in to unmask]
Subject: Re: Worldlang and other auxlang types
On 2014-09-25 10:06 PM, Leo Moser wrote:
> Dr. Max Talmey was a very interesting man. He followed Esperanto,
> (later reported on its defects), then Ido -- which he tended to call
> 'the International Language' or "the IL," or ILO.
>
> But Talmey felt that 'the IL' could be reformed, made a more
> significant intellectual instrument. I have seen some of his Arulo
> work, etc., and glowing stories about it, but I see little to warrant any great enthusiasm.
>
> I'd welcome any impression you may have of his projects, since I have
> not seen his work in any full format.
> [trim]
As I mentioned, the Library of Congress catalog lists four works by him apparently bearing directly on IALs (two on Arulo). The dates are not unequivocally such to put them in the public domain, but perhaps something could be done under the Doctrine of Fair Use (in the US copyright law). Maybe I can get down there one day next week and take a look. :) (Depending on size I might be able to make photocopies or "rough" (but usable) PDF color scans (if the free scanners are working correctly).
--
Paul Bartlett
